Information warfare
How mythmaking and selective memory are used to justify contemporary political objectives and actions.
Mythmaking and selective memory shape political legitimacy by reframing history, masking interests, and mobilizing publics behind strategic narratives that justify policy choices and justified actions.
July 27, 2025 - 3 min Read
Mythmaking operates at the intersection of culture and politics, turning past events into stories that seem inevitable or natural. It frames complex outcomes as simple cause-and-effect sequences, smoothing over competing voices and marginalized experiences. When politicians deploy myth, they invite citizens to identify with a larger mission rather than with particular policies. This process relies on symbols, tropes, and ritual language that create emotional resonance, helping audiences accept tradeoffs they might resist if presented as technical or abstract. The result is a shared memory that favors current leadership while erasing contradictions that could undermine broad support or reveal hidden agendas.
Selective memory works by recreating timelines that align with present-day aims, rewriting who bore responsibility and when. Historical episodes are reinterpreted to present a linear progression toward progress, unity, or security, depending on the occasion. Documented debates, dissenting voices, and failed experiments are minimized or recast as necessary missteps in a larger victory arc. This selective recollection tends to domesticate the past, converting it into a teachable moment that sanctions contemporary decisions. It also disciplines public inquiry, signaling what questions are permissible and which lines of inquiry risk undermining national resolve or political cohesion.
The ethics of memory and the costs of historic tailoring.
When myth is cultivated by leaders, it often hinges on archetypes rather than analysis. The heroic founder, the virtuous citizen, the perilous enemy—all are mobilized to create a moral frame that justifies action. After a crisis or election, symbolic victories loom large, while the messy details fade into the background. Media intermediaries, educational materials, and cultural productions reinforce these frames by echoing pat phrases and familiar scenarios. As myth accrues, it becomes harder to interrogate policy choices, because questioning the myth risks appearing unpatriotic or disloyal. The public therefore tends to evaluate outcomes through the lens of narrative coherence rather than empirical merit.
The same mechanism can be directed toward justifying hard-edged policies—surveillance, border controls, or military intervention—by recasting them as protective or preventive necessities. Memory work emphasizes unity against a common threat, while downplaying civil liberties concerns or international law obligations. In effect, memory becomes a tool for mobilization: it binds diverse communities to a singular objective and legitimizes sacrifices that would otherwise seem disproportionate. The more convincingly a myth is told—through testimonials, commemorations, and symbols—the less room there is for dissenting interpretations. Open debate shrinks, and policy debates resemble ceremonial affirmations of shared purpose rather than technical negotiations about risk and resource allocation.
Critical memory practices that resist manipulation and sustain pluralism.
In modern democracies, memory work invites scrutiny because it can distort accountability. When the past is curated to support present power, it blunts the ability of citizens to distinguish cause from consequence or to evaluate alternatives. Transparent historiography, critical media analysis, and plural educational narratives counteract this tendency by presenting contested views and acknowledging uncertainty. Yet memory work persists in many forms: museum exhibits that celebrate triumphs, textbooks that skew causation, and political speeches that imply inevitability. Recognizing these patterns does not diminish legitimate pride in national achievements; it simply insists on a fuller accounting of who benefited and who suffered along the way.
The seduction of a seamless story is reinforced by technological platforms that reward repeatability over nuance. Short clips, slogans, and emotive images travel faster than nuanced essays, creating cultural environments where simple myths feel more persuasive than fact-heavy explanations. Algorithms tend to amplify content that garners strong reactions, not content that fosters careful analysis. As a result, the public sphere can become saturated with narratives that confirm preexisting biases and demonize out groups deemed threats. The ethical challenge is to cultivate media literacy, support diverse sources, and promote civic rituals that encourage questioning, dialogue, and the slow work of historical verification.
Memory as a public discipline rather than private conviction.
Counter-myths emerge from inclusive storytelling that foregrounds multiple perspectives. Oral histories, archival discoveries, and community-led commemorations illuminate overlooked actors and experiences. When institutions invite contested memories into the national conversation, they reduce the appeal of single, unchallengeable heroes. This pluralism does not fracture identity; it enriches it by acknowledging complexity and acknowledging that progress often involves tradeoffs. Public discourse benefits when difficult questions about responsibility, accountability, and flawed choices are admitted openly. In such spaces, memory becomes a tool for learning rather than a weapon for legitimizing a preferred political course.
The balance between memory and policy demands structural cushions against coercive narratives. Independent judiciary review, transparent budget processes, and free press ecosystems create fault lines where memory can be examined without fear of reprisal. Civil society organizations play a crucial role by documenting inconsistencies, presenting alternative syntheses of history, and highlighting whose stories remain unseen in official chronicles. When truth-telling is protected and encouraged, myths lose their monopoly on legitimacy. Citizens gain the capacity to distinguish rhetoric from reality, enabling more resilient democratic choices grounded in evidence and shared responsibility.
Toward a vigilant civic culture that honors truth and accountability.
International norms and comparative history offer further checks on myth-based justifications. By analyzing similar episodes in other countries, scholars reveal patterns of triumphalism, scapegoating, or selective amnesia that recur across borders. Exposure to these patterns helps audiences ask: are we repeating past mistakes? Are our current policies rooted in verifiable needs or in the comfort of familiar stories? Peer scrutiny from scholars, journalists, and cross-border institutions can prevent the entrenchment of a single narrative as an unassailable truth. This cross-pollination fosters humility and invites continuous revision of what is remembered and why.
The practical effect of robust memory practices is greater policy adaptability. When publics understand the limits of historical certainty, they demand evidence, long-term impact assessments, and transparent decision protocols. Governments that anticipate such scrutiny tend to be more cautious with irreversible commitments, enabling adjustments as new information surfaces. In addition, memory literacy supports resilience against propaganda because people are less likely to accept easy explanations that claim moral clarity without documentation. The result is a political culture that values inquiry as a continuous civic obligation rather than a one-time allegiance to a myth.
Mythmaking and selective memory are not inherently malicious; they can inspire collective striving when grounded in shared values. The danger arises when stories are weaponized to consolidate power, erase dissent, or justify harm. A mature political landscape treats memory as a communal resource to be stewarded, tested, and revised. This requires institutions that promote transparency, diverse voices, and critical pedagogy. It also calls on citizens to participate in memorial practices with a critical eye, recognizing both the stories that unite and the facts that illuminate the consequences of policy. By balancing myth with memory, societies can pursue aims without surrendering to manipulation.
Ultimately, the everyday work of democratic governance depends on a public capable of nuanced interpretation. It depends on historians who challenge official chronologies, journalists who unearth inconsistencies, teachers who illuminate contested pasts, and citizens who approach exhibits, speeches, and statistics with healthy skepticism. When myth and memory are held to account, political objectives can be pursued without sacrificing truth or justice. The healthier outcome is a polity that negotiates difficult choices with openness, humility, and accountability—where collective memory serves as a compass rather than a cudgel in the service of power.
